Exogenous enzymes have been widely used in poultry diets to improve production performance. However, further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness and expand the use of enzymes in poultry feeding programs. The use of phytase to improve bird performance and reduce environmental phosphorus pollution has received less attention, partly due to the potential negative effects of the fiber component of diets and insufficient knowledge of the exact phosphorus requirements in diet formulations. The effectiveness of non-starch polysaccharides, for example, in wheat, barley or rye, using enzymes is greater than that of corn and soybean meal, due to the differences in the constituents of the non-starch polysaccharides. Also, the addition of large amounts of flaxseed to poultry diets using enzymes can reduce the negative effects of non-starch polysaccharides. The aim of this article is to review the development process of enzymes and the results of their use.
Effect of phytase on nutrient intake and growth performance
Although many studies have been conducted to improve growth performance and nutrient efficiency of diets containing phosphorus, its effect has been shown to be less than that of control diets. In recent studies, the effect of phytase enzyme addition on growth performance and improved energy and amino acid utilization in broiler chickens was observed. In addition, lysine digestibility determined in the studies of Martinez-Amzoka et al. (2006) and Kavsion et al. (2006) did not show significant differences between the control diet and diets supplemented with phytase enzyme. The effect of phytase enzyme addition in laying hen diets was also studied. The researchers found that the addition of phytase enzyme to diets containing low phosphorus resulted in similar production performance compared to diets containing sufficient phosphorus. In another study, egg production in diets containing low levels of non-starch polysaccharides (non-phytated phosphorus) was not significantly different from the control diet. The phosphorus requirements in the diet of laying hens are well known and it has been shown that high levels of calcium in the diet of laying hens always have a negative effect on the effectiveness of the phytase enzyme. The use of flour diets that have not been exposed to heat can have positive results in improving growth performance in poultry.
Non-starch polysaccharides and their degrading enzymes:
Non-starch polysaccharides are the main components of fiber in poultry diets and include cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. In cereal grains (including corn), non-cellulosic polysaccharides include arabinoxylans and beta-glucans, and in soybean and canola hulls, arabinans, arabinogalactans, galactans, galactomannans, mannans, and pectic polysaccharides. The viscosity-producing factor is related to the beta-glucans and arabinoxylans found in barley, rye, and wheat, which mix with digestive enzymes and nutrients, preventing the movement of digested materials and the transfer of hydrolyzed products to the intestinal mucus. As a result, these effects may cause a decrease in poultry performance. In addition, viscosity-related problems are directly related to the high water-holding capacity of beta-glucans and arabinoxylans. To counteract such anti-nutritional effects, the use of commercial beta-glucanase and xylanase enzymes has been developed over the past 30 years. In addition, by reducing viscosity, the use of non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes can reduce the effects of cell wall nutrient coating; thus, increasing protein, starch and energy consumption.
Also, the presence of non-starch polysaccharides in soybean or corn meal with the addition of the enzyme carbohydrase is effective for cell wall degradation. In the last few years, several studies have investigated the effect of adding xylanase and glucanase enzymes on the growth performance of broilers and turkeys fed corn-soybean meal-based diets. These results showed very little improvement in weight gain and feed conversion ratio resulting from enzyme addition. In relation to laying hens, the results were similar to those obtained from broilers or the addition of the enzyme had no significant effect on feed conversion ratio compared to the control diet.
Conclusion:
In general, it can be concluded that the use of exogenous enzymes that degrade non-starch polysaccharides and phytase in corn and soybean meal-based diets can be effective in improving the digestibility of starch and other nutrients and growth performance in poultry. Several factors can reduce the effectiveness of exogenous enzymes that degrade non-starch polysaccharides and phytase. Among the factors involved are the use of insufficient enzyme in the diet, feed processing methods such as excessive pellet temperature, which reduces enzyme activity, the effect of other nutrients on the enzyme and phosphorus properties of the diet, and the lack of access of phytic acid to phytase in the intestine. In corn and soybean meal-based diets, the use of enzymes containing xylanase and beta-glucanase compounds or a combination of xylanase, amylase, and protease can be effective in improving poultry performance. Therefore, to achieve sustainable economic conditions in commercial poultry feeding programs, the use of an appropriate combination of carbohydratases including cellulase, pectinase, xylanase, glucanase, mannanase and galactosanase should be applied. The use of flaxseed is limited due to the presence of high levels of indigestible non-starch polysaccharides in poultry diets. However, by eliminating the anti-nutritional barriers in flaxseed through the use of an appropriate combination of dietary enzymes, the nutritional value of flaxseed can be increased in conventional poultry diets and, as a result, profitability is also significantly improved.
Source:
domesticsj.ut.ac.ir
The multienzyme Natuzyme, in addition to the xylanase, cellulase, beta-glucanase, hemi cellulase, protease, alpha-amylase, pectinase and lipase, also contains phytase. By using this multienzyme, you can include phytase and other enzymes in the diet and achieve greater profitability by reducing feed prices.
